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List by Stream | List by paper/abstract title | List By Author
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Innovation |
 | A comparison of manufacturing technology adoption in SMEs and large companies Kennedy, Jessica Hyland, Paul
Many manufacturing firms have adopted advanced manufacturing technologies to remain competitive when faced with rapid improvements in technology, globalisation of markets and environmental requirements. SMEs may be able to develop a sustainable competitive advantage from operations capabilities, but face various constraints including lack of resources and experience.
Jessica Kennedy & Paul Hyland, Central Queensland University
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 | Evaporative control systems: A case study in innovation Scarman, Ian
Control of evaporation on farm dams has been called the Holy Grail of irrigation research. It
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 | Exploring the influence of communication on small business innovation and readiness for change Burnett, Hermina McMurray, Adela
This exploratory study investigates organizational communication, innovation and readiness for change in relation to micro and small business success. It provides insights into how successful small business owners choose different communication channels to innovate and create new ideas in a workplace that is ready for change.
Hermina Burnett & Dr Adela McMurray, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology
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 | Innovation for regional communities: A research framework Courvisanos, Jerry
The potential impact of accessing advice on SME failure rates
Dr Jerry Courvisanos, CRIC, University of Ballarat
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 | Measuring the quality of a commercialisation and exit strategy McKaskill, Tom
Over the last 9 months, Professor Tom McKaskill and Dr. Ian Smart have developed a
series of Ready Indices that help to determine the quality and progress of various stages
in R&D commercialization and private equity exit of new ventures.
Professor Tom McKaskill, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology
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 | Small business and the arts: Encouraging arts companies to be business innovators O'Conner, Rosemary Sheldrake, Peter
Arts companies have long been at the forefront of good management practice, as a result of having to work with limited resources in an uncertain environment.
Rosemary O
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Financing for Growth |
 | Bank lending to small enterprises in South-West regional Western Australia Chan, Soon-Lim
The South-West region consists of twelve local government areas in which Bunbury
and Busselton are the two major commercial centres.
Dr Soon-Lim Chan, Edith Cowan University
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 | How much does growth determine SMEs Hutchinson, Patrick
The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which growth determines the capital structure of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Professor Patrick Hutchinson, University of New England
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 | The use of accounting information in financing decisions and performance in SMEs in Thailand Sarapaivanich, Naruanard
SMEs play an important role in a nation
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Knowledge & Information Systems |
 | Financial information in small business: Compliance and beyond Dyt, Robyn
Small business is a significant contributor to the Australian economy for employment and maintenance of owners
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 | Organisation relations development: A critical approach to organisational change Latham, James
The consultant
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 | Report on setting up of the Centre of Specialisation for Services to Small and Medium Enterprises Zsolt, Thomas Murray, Peter Bray, Val
The State Government, through the Office of Training and Tertiary Education, has provided funding to Box Hill Institute to establish the Victorian Centre of Specialisation for Services to Small and Medium Enterprises.
Thomas Zsolt, Peter Murray, Val Bray, Box Hill Institute of TAFE
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 | Small business-government agency dispute resolution: the case of the South Australian Office of the Small Business Advocate Stranger, Tony
While small business are able to resolve many of the conflicts that may arise with State government departments and agencies through direct negotiation, it is believed that the involvement of a
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 | The potential impact of accessing advice on SME failure rates Watson, John
It has been suggested that the impact of some of the potential causes of small and medium enterprise failure (SME) might be reduced if business owners accessed appropriate advice.
Professor John Watson, University of Western Australia
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 | The role of the external accountant in small firms Breen, John Scuilli, Nick Calvert, Cheryl
This paper details a second stage of a study into the use of small business computerised accounting
systems (CAS), together with the role and impact of the accountant across businesses that use and do
not use computerised systems.
Professor John Breen, Dr Nick Scuilli & Cheryl Calvert, Victoria University
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 | The use of computerised accounting systems in small business Breen, John Scuilli, Nick Calvert, Cheryl
This paper is based on a research project which was designed to investigate small business usage of a
computerised accounting system (CAS) to ascertain if there are obstacles that prevent small businesses
from migrating to such a system.
Professor John Breen, Dr Nick Scuilli & Cheryl Calvert, Victoria University
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Women in Enterprise |
 | Generational differences in the start up goals and later satisfaction of women small business proprietors Still, Leonie Soutar, Geoffrey Walker, Elizabeth
This paper examines generational differences in the start-up goals of a national sample of
women small business proprietors and the satisfaction they derived from the achievement of
these goals.
Leonie Still & Geoffrey Soutar, The University of Western Australia & Elizabeth Walker, Edith Cowan University
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 | SME performance: does gender matter? Watson, John
Most small and medium enterprise (SME) research has found that female-owned SMEs under-perform male-owned SMEs. However, much of this research has been based on relatively small samples, and/or limited data (particularly financial data), and/or restricted geographical locations.
Professor John Watson, The University of Western Australia
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 | Start-up and beyond: Evolving training needs for rural women in small business Newton, Janice Gottschalk, Lorene Wood, Glenice
Given the rural decline caused by industry restructuring and the withdrawal of infrastructural services, a main hope for turnaround in regional and rural Australia could lie in the growth of new business ventures.
Janice Newton, Lorene Gottschalk & Glenice Wood, University of Ballarat
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 | Successful graduate female entrepreneurs: The Scottish experience Fei Lim, Su Smith, Kathryn Bottomley, Colin
Prior to the 1990
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 | The use of business assistance by women home-based business operators Walker, Elizabeth
Home-based businesses are a vital component of small business in Australia, as they are the biggest and fastest growing cohort.
Elizabeth Walker, Edith Cowan University
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 | Women in small business in Armadale: A regional study Sheridan, Alison Conway, Lou
Although there has been an increasing interest in women-owned small business, little attention has been paid to women
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Start-up and Beyond |
 | Conceptualising legitimacy for new venture research Hargreaves, Scott
The absence of legitimacy has been identified as a factor in the
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 | Confidence and safety: The healthcare dilemma Stephenson, Tony Worth, Fiona
Risk in a clinical/medical/surgical and caring environment requires a multiple approach to analysis. Risk is more generally a combination of events, few of which in their own right will cause death or even minor injury.
Tony Stephenson & Fiona Worth, International Standards Certifications Pty Ltd
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 | Cracks in the egg: Improving performance measures in business incubator research Bhabra-Remedios, R.K. Cornelius, B.
Early research into business incubators focused on describing how they were operated and what activities were undertaken to assist in the survival of tenant firms.
R.K. Bhabra-Remedios & B. Cornelius, University of Wollongong
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 | Entrepreneurial capacity and the new technology-based small firm Yecken, John Gillin, Marray
John Yencken & Professor Murray Gillin, Swinburne University of Technology
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 | How to avoid getting crushed: Critical success factors at a (profitable) boutique small winery Demediuk, Peter
The way a business articulates and actions its critical success factors is a major determinant of sustainability and success.
Peter Demediuk, Victoria University
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 | The productivity performance of Australian manufacturing SMEs Mahmood, Muhammad
In an open economy like Australia, SMEs ability to export has become very crucial for their long-term survival and growth. This depends on SMEs capacity to remain internationally competitive.
Muhammad Mahmood, Victoria University
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Knowledge Transfer |
 | Towards a theoretical model of knowledge transfer in non-alliance based relationships: An entrepreneurship perspective Geneste, Louis
This paper develops a theoretical model examining the factors that contribute to the growth of the small firm through the knowledge transfer taking place between small firms and their large customers.
Louis Geneste, Curtin University of Technology
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 | Understanding and measuring the effects of social capital on knowledge transfer within clusters of small-medium enterprises Whittaker, Jay Burns, Michelle Van Beveren, John
In today
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SMEs: Management & Development |
 | A scale for measuring SME owner-operator objectives Newby, Rick Watson, John Woodliff, David
Although much in known about the economic contribution of the SME sector, relatively little is known about how and why the performances of individual SMEs differ.
Rick Newby, John Watson & David Woodliff, The University of Western Australia
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 | Leadership perception: Small versus large businesses, the training implications Dalglish, Carol Therin, Francois
Leadership plays a key role in the survival and success of entrepreneurial ventures. Most of the leadership literature emanates from the United States and was written during the second half of the 20th century.
Carol Dalglish, Brisbane Graduate School of Management & Francois Therin, Grenoble Ecole de Management
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 | Managerial working small organisations: Evaluating some old, pretty old and new empirical evidence Floren, Henrik
Small business management is a research subject that goes back to at least the early 70s. Much has been written on the subject, but a quick review of the literature shows that empirical studies of what managers in small organisations do are relatively rare.
Henrik Floren, Halmstad University College
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 | The effects of managers on elements of the work environment that influence employees Coetzer, Alan
Despite the importance of small business sectors to national economies, and wide recognition of the need to leverage learning for competitive advantage, field research on learning in small firms has not been forthcoming.
Alan Coetzer, Massey University
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 | The forgotten manager: An analysis of the role and function of salaried managers in small business Dunning, Andrew
The role of salaried managers in small business has been largely by-passed and forgotten within management literature. Studies usually focus on the small business owner/manager or entrepreneur rather than the salaried manager.
Andrew Dunning, Monash University
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 | What do owner-managers in small firms really do?: Replicating Choran, Mintzberg and Kurke & Aldrich Floren, Henrik Tell, Jaokim
Interest in managerial behaviour stems from the seminal work of Carlson (1951). Since Carlson
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Networks and Relationships |
 | Expatriation acculturation: Linking pre-departure experience to initial experience Selvarajah, Christopher
This paper reports on a study conducted on the relationship between predeparture factors and adjustment factors in the initial stage of expatriate adjustment in a new environment.
Christopher Selvarajah, RMIT
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 | Small and medium sized enterprise co-operation: The influence of trust on structure and performance Schumacher, Christoph
The omission of social factors has left a significant gap in the predictive and explanatory power of co-operation theory. As a result, existing theory fails to explain the structure of some co-operative agreements.
Christoph Schumacher, Massey University
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 | SME networks: Clustering for regional innovation purposes Braun, Patrice
With the advent of multimedia, computer networks, the Internet and technological portability, novel ways of doing business have surfaced. New electronic business and commerce (e-commerce) platforms have, and are continuing to, emerge that not only increase market flexibility by reducing geographical isolation, time to market and customer response time, but also provide process efficiencies and mechanisms for electronic marketing retailing, trading and transaction.
Patrice Braun, CRIC, University of Ballarat
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 | The management of interdependence and the sharing of vision by micro-finance agencies for new and emerging SMEs Christie, Michael Rown, Patricia
The purpose of this paper is to conceptualise a theoretical model that clarifies the variations in both processes for sharing vision and interdependence of the lender and the SME owner in micro-finance.
Michael Christie & Patricia Rowe, Queensland University of Technology
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 | The role of interpersonal communication in the development of client trust and closeness in a SME professional services context Kirchmaker, Les Patterson, Paul
This study develops and tests a model of effective interpersonal communication as an antecedent to client trust and closeness amongst small to medium enterprise (SME) professional services providers
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Entrepreneurship Education |
 | Creativity and innovation in education; The Tasmanian experience English, Jack Jones Colin
Entrepreneurial education is the process of providing individuals with the ability to recognise commercial opportunities and the insight, self-esteem, knowledge and skills to act on them.
Professor Jack English & Colin Jones, University of Tasmania
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 | From the classroom to the entrepreneurial company: An experiential approach to learning Bottomley, Colin Cooper, Sarah Gordon, Jill
Entrepreneurship education is a relatively recent development within the United Kingdom (UK) university context. Although class-based knowledge input is a vital component of student learning, academics in the field perceive that maximum the optimum value of learning cannot be achieved successfully within the confines of the traditional, knowledge-based channels.
Colin Bottomley, Sarah Cooper & Jill Gordon, University of Strathclyde
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 | Having fun and learning too McKaskill, Tom
The major contribution of entrepreneurship to the community has been the opportunity evaluation screening process. No other formal discipline in management brings together the range of elements required to evaluate a venture proposal.
Professor Tom McKaskill, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology
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 | Initiatives in entrepreneurial education: An evaluation of some UK initiatives Weston, Rae
The 1999 UK government initiative, the
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 | The young enterprise scheme in New Zealand: Dimensions of programme Lewis, Kate Massey, Claire
Along with the changing nature of work and the prevailing global value being placed on entrepreneurship, the development of an
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 | Youth Entrepreneurship Dunn, Colin Romaguera, Jose
Entrepreneurs are made not born. It is the way that a young person is brought up, the way they are taught, the influence of teachers and
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Policy |
 | A comparison of the performance of SMEs in Korea and Taiwan: Policy Hall, Chris
A comparison of the role and performance of SMEs in Korea and Taiwan during the 1990
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 | Creating new jobs in China through entrepreneurship: SME policy and management culture Fang, Yuang Hall, Chris
SMEs and entrepreneurs are now essential to social stability and growth in China. This somewhat remarkable change has occurred since the mid 1990s. State owned enterprises (SOEs) are net destroyers of jobs, as are large firms in almost all economies.
Yuang Fang & Chris Hall, Macquarie Graduate School of Management
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 | Hands-on small business assistance: Evidence from Latrobe City Billington, Leo Neeson, Robyn Barrett, Rowena
Australian small businesses (less than 20 employees) make up the bulk of businesses (88%) in the economy and employ over a third (38%) of the total workforce (ABS, 2002a). Twenty-four per cent of all small businesses are located in the state of Victoria, which is the second highest state based population of small business.
Mr Leo Billington, Latrobe City, Ms Robyn Neeson, Innovative Practical Marketing & Dr Rowena Barrett, Monash University
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 | Issues relating to cash flow management for SMEs after the introduction of the GST and analysis Drever, Margaret Hartcher, Judy
This paper explores the issues relating to cash flow management practices on small businesses in a regional area of Australia (the Mid North Coast of New South Wales) after the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) in 2000.
Margaret Drever, Southern Cross University & Judy Hartcher, CPA Australia
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 | The evaluation of orchard adjustment strategies: A linear approach to the development of rural policy in the SME sector Oppenheim, Peter
Fruit production typically involves a period of investment and developmental expenditure which continues until the orchard is fully productive. During this period cash flows are negative.
Dr Peter Oppenheim, University of Ballarat
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 | The SME policy framework in ASEAN and APEC: Benchmark comparisons Hall, Chris
This paper examines SME (Small and Medium Enterprise) policy in ASEAN and in APEC. SMEs play a significant role in the economy. SMEs make up the overwhelming bulk of enterprises, employ around 60% of the private sector workforce, and contribute about 50% of value added.
Chris Hall, Macquarie Graduate School of Management
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Family Business |
 | Perspectives on family business in New Zealand and Australia Lord, Beverley Shanahan, Yvonne Robb, Alan
This paper provides a New Zealand and Australian replication and extension of Birley et al. (1999) and Birley (2001) which examined the nature and concerns of family businesses. The initial studies found three clusters of attitudes to family businesses, namely Family Out, Family In, and Family-Business Jugglers.
Beverley Lord, Yvonne Shanahan & Alan Robb, University of Canterbury
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 | Venturing beyond the back yard: Internationalisation of the family business Graves, Chris Thomas, Jill
Australian family firms make a significant contribution to the Australian and global economy. Despite the fact that the complexities associated with managing a family business are not addressed by classical management theory, limited empirical research has documented the international expansion of family firms.
Chris Graves & Dr Jill Thomas, University of Adelaide
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 | What is Barrett, Rowena Rajapakse, Tissa
While people often refer to particular businesses as being a family business when asked to define what they mean or explain what is so special about being a family business they falter.
Dr Rowena Barrett & Dr Tissa Rajapakse, Monash University
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Environmental Management & Performance |
 | Managing environmental risk in small business: An agenda for research Rajendran, Diana Barrett, Rowena
In recent times the call for corporate social responsibility has become louder and protecting
the environment is one aspect for organisations to address if they are to behave in a socially
responsible manner.
Dr Diana Rajendran & Dr Rowena Barrett, Monash University
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 | Sustainability and small/medium enterprises: Case studies in the Moreland Council area McDiarmid, Jane Kimber, David
Micro and small businesses are addressing environmental sustainability and ethics in business. Case
studies provide recognition and inspiration to others.
C. Jane McDiarmid, Leapfrog Enterprises & David Kimber, RMIT
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 | The SME battle against environmental performance: The Hackefors model Hallinan, Patrick
Small to Medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are thought to have a substantial collective impact on the environment and as a sector have been identified as problematic in terms of environmental issues.
Patrick Hallinan, University of Tecbnology, Sydney
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Characteristics of the Entrepreneur |
 | Commitment to Australian direct selling organisations: What are the antecedents? Kennedy, Rowan Mavondo, Felix
The practice of direct selling involves the retailing of many of the same products and services to final consumers that may be found in any storefront in Australia. Its practitioners are entrepreneurial, small business owners, primarily women, who seek to establish themselves in business
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 | Describing the entrepreneur: how appropriate is the founder/non-founder dichotomy? Johnson, Darren Newby, Rick Watson, John
Carland et al.
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 | Investigating customer service levels to achieve competitive advantage in the SME home entertainment rental industry Maritz, Alex
All too often, marketers of homogenous products fail to identify their competitive advantage, resulting in dismal results. Similarly, SME participants find it difficult to identify such competitive advantages.
Alex Maritz, Unitec Institute of Technology
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 | Situational factors and entrepreneurial intentions Kennedy, Jessica Brennan, Jud Watson, Bernadette Renfrow, Petty
Entrepreneurship can provide a satisfying and rewarding working life, providing a flexible lifestyle and considerable business autonomy. It is becoming an increasingly important career option for school and university graduates.
Jessica Kennedy, Central Queensland University & Judy Brennan, Bernadette Watson & Petty Renfrow, University of Queensland
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 | Thai service sector SMEs: Is tacit knowledge the key entrepreneur success characteristic? Batstone, Chris Parry, Geoff Polsaram, Pussadee
Chris Batstone, Geoff Parry, Auckland University of Technology & Pussadee Polsaram, The University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce
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 | Understanding the grey entrepreneur: A review of the literature Weber, Paul Schaper, Michael
The role of older business operators has been largely ignored in contemporary entrepreneurship research, even though 31% of all Australian SMEs are owned and operated by persons over the age of 50.
Paul Weber & Michael Schaper, Curtin University of Technology
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The E-SME |
 | A framework for the adoption of ICT and security technologies by SMEs Allan, Craig Annear, Justine Beck, Eric Van Beveren, John
SME
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 | Growing exports via online communities and Thompson, Helen
Despite a rise of interest in information communications technology (ICT) and in community informatics (CI) initiatives, these are not
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 | Small business and the use of technology: Why the low uptake? Walker, Beth Bode, Shirley Burn, Janice Webster, Beverley
Technology in the form of electronic communications has become part of everyday life for most people in first world countries. It has also transformed how businesses operate, with the internet being the most common medium for many business exchanges.
Beth Walker, Shirley Bode, Janice Burn & Beverley Webster, Edith Cowan University
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 | Small e-firms: Enlightened butterflies or endangered caterpillars? Jones, Colin Hecker, Rob
The
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 | The consultant engagement online training course (CEOTC): Developing a framework for the alignment of e-business strategies and consultant engagement Bode, Shirley
Having an e-business presence is fast becoming a requirement for the Australian SME business sector. However, simply having an e-business presence does not guarantee that it will bring about any benefits in terms of increased sales or an expanded customer base, two common goals identified by SMEs in the study.
Shirley Bode, Edith Cowan University
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 | The importance of information design for small business websites Bentley, John Fisher, Julie Craig, Anniemieke
Designing and maintaining websites can be costly for small business, therefore the decision to embark on a Web strategy should not be taken lightly. Critical to the success of a web site is its design.
John Bentley, Victoria University, Dr Julie Fisher, Monash University & Anniemieke Craig, Deakin University
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 | Understanding ICT adoption from the SME user-centred perspective: Views from the boutique fashion SMEs and the Australian government Choi, Youngmi
The adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) by the Clothing Industry, particularly the Boutique Fashion Industry, stands at an important crossroad. Triggered by the increasing competitiveness in the domestic and international markets, the Australian Government and the Australian Boutique Fashion Industry have explored the benefits of adopting ICTs and encouraged further adoption.
Youngmi Choi, RMIT
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SME Performance |
 | Enhancing SME performance through vision based leadership: An empirical study Kantabutra, Sooksan Avery, Gayle
Surprisingly little research has been conducted on what characterizes
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 | Technological resources, organisational resources and sustained competitive advantage Newton, Caroline Douglas, Evan Dalglish, Carol
This paper explores the relationship between technological resources, organizational resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage (SCA). It is proposed that over time, an inverse relationship exists between the SCA gained from technology and the SCA gained from organizational resources.
Caroline Newton, Professor Evan Douglas, Dr Carol Dalglish, Queensland University of Technology
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 | The impact of TQM adoption on SME financial performance Kober, Ralph Watson, John
Many studies have demonstrated the positive impact of total quality management (TQM) practices on the financial performances of large listed companies. However, there have been fewer studies examining the impact of TQM practices on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and theses have typically relied on managers
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Market Orientation |
 | Balancing growth and change through marketing Chalmers, Robyn
Focus on employees and their contribution to competitive advantage is especially important for small business since they rely upon fewer staff to achieve their mission.
Robyn Chalmers, Auckland University of Technology
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 | Market orientation in a rural setting: A study of smaller enterprises and the significance of interdependence in Northeast Victoria Enright, Michael Malkin, Stephanie
This paper explores the relevance of conventional notions of market orientation and the broader marketing concept to smaller rural enterprises. Previous field research into smaller enterprises, concentrating on goods-oriented small and medium enterprises in urban settings, has shown that more context-rich interpretive frameworks are needed to accommodate the differences in ways of doing business between smaller and larger organisations.
Dr Michael Enright, MIT & Stephanie Malkin
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 | Small wineries: Balancing the making and the marketing Sims, Robert Demediuk, Peter
How small wineries actively approach marketing is the key determinant of their sustainability. Using a narrative approach to case study research, the paper investigates the balance of critical success factors that guide operations at a newly-profitable small boutique winery, and in particular examines the implications for marketing.
Robert Sims & Peter Demediuk, Victoria University
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Internationalisation of the SME |
 | Cultural dimensions of New Zealand entrepreneurial behaviour Brown, Kate
Research by Hofstede (1980) identified four dimensions of culture that can be expected to impact on entrepreneurial behaviors within a country. McGrath, MacMillan, and Scheinberg (1992) undertook a multi-country comparison which indicated significant differences between entrepreneurs and career professionals, but which did not assess each country independently.
Kate Brown, University of Ontago
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 | Encouraging factors for entrepreneurs in franchising: A Malaysian experience Bakar, Abu Hamid, A Hassan, Mohd Othman, Mohd Selemat, Rozita Mastor, Morhamimah
As a result of an encouraging competitive franchising business worldwide the Government of Malaysia has taken initiatives to pursue local entrepreneurs into such business to boost the small business sector.
Abu Bakar, A Hamid, Mohd Hassan, Mohd Othman, Rozita Selemat & Norhamimah Mastor, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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 | Problems experienced by small businesses in 3rd world countries: The case of South Africa Cant, Michael Brink, Annekie Lightelm, Andre
It is estimated that the failure rate of small, medium and micro enterprises (SMEs) is between 70% and 80%. Millions of Rands are being lost on business ventures because of essentially avoidable mistakes and problems.
Professor Michael Cant, Professor Annekie Brink & Professor Andre Ligthelm, University of South Africa
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The Regional SME |
 | Growing regional SMEs: Some policy lessons from northern metropolitan Melbourne Dalrymple, John
Growth in the small and medium-sized enterprise sector has been a significant focus for policy makers both in the developed and developing world. The inhomogeniety of the sme sector presents challenges to the policymakers and those who seek to assist in the growth process for the sector.
John Dalrymple, RMIT
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 | Partnership for sustainability: A win-win case for regional Victoria Dunkley, Mary
This paper reviews the current literature on corporate sustainability focusing on corporate partnerships within the community. A recent partnership that has been formally developed with funding from state government and local government and support from the business community is used to illustrate such a partnering arrangement.
Mary Dunkley, Swinburne University of Technology
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SMEs and the Third Sector |
 | Managing for better performance Harman, Jessie Lowe Julian
This research provides a
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 | Philanthropic donations by Western Australian microbusinesses Schaper, Michael Savery, Lawson
Little is currently known about the nature of social contributions by microbusinesses. Charitable donations
(philanthropic activities) by small and very small firms has been rarely studied to date. Only limited
knowledge currently exists about the type of donations made, the charitable causes for which such gifts are
made, and what firm characteristics (if any) can be reliably used to predict the likelihood of an organisation
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